Dental biomaterials are specialized substances used in restorative, cosmetic, and regenerative dentistry to repair or replace damaged teeth and oral tissues. These materials include ceramics, composites, polymers, and metals designed to interact safely with biological systems while providing durability, aesthetics, and functionality.

Modern dental biomaterials have evolved from basic metallic fillings to advanced bioactive and nanostructured materials that promote tissue regeneration and prevent bacterial growth. Their applications span dental implants, crowns, bridges, adhesives, and bone graft substitutes. The use of biocompatible materials ensures long-term oral health and minimizes complications such as inflammation or allergic reactions.

Digital image processing (DIP) is a transformative field in computer science and engineering that focuses on the manipulation and analysis of digital images using computational algorithms. Unlike traditional image processing methods that rely on analog signals, digital image processing leverages digital computers to perform a wide range of operations, such as enhancing image quality, extracting meaningful information, and enabling automated decision-making. The discipline combines elements of mathematics, computer vision, and artificial intelligence to interpret visual data efficiently and accurately.

At its core, digital image processing involves converting an image into a digital format, which allows for the application of various techniques like filtering, enhancement, restoration, and compression. Image enhancement aims to improve the visual appearance of an image by adjusting brightness, contrast, or sharpness, making it more suitable for human interpretation. Image restoration, on the other hand, focuses on correcting distortions or noise introduced during image acquisition or transmission, ensuring…

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